November 08, 2024

A History of the Black Church in 24 Hats

As scholar Dr. Henry Louis Gates Jr. noted, “the Black Church is a cultural laboratory,” where congregation members developed new forms of artistic and literary expression, songwriting, food traditions, and organized for freedom and civil rights. This includes fashion which has always been a source of inspiration and self-expression for church communities.

In September 2024, the Stoutsburg Sourland African American Museum (SSAAM) in Skillman, New Jersey opened its special exhibition titled The Head that Wears the Crown. The exhibition, a collaboration by Dr. Isabela Morales, SSAAM’s education and exhibit manager, and curator Kyra March, a PhD student at Rutgers University and a public history intern at SSAAM, explores how fashion was a crucial part of the history and the legacy of the Black Church.

For many working-class Black women during the early 20th century “their regular day to day lives did not involve being very fashionable. Many of them were domestics, many of them were doing menial jobs because opportunities were so limited," said Beverly Mills, a SSAAM co-founder. “But on Sunday you were able to be in control of how you wanted to look and how you wanted to present yourself to the world.”

View from a high point down onto a group of people sitting in the pews of Mt. Zion AME Church. Along the walls are exhibit panels for an exhibition on historic headwear in the Black church.

photo by: Tokz Gabriel Jr.

Visitors crowd Mt. Zion AME Church at the special exhibit opening on September 20, 2024.

The Head that Wears the Crown

SSAAM has 24 church hats in its collection dating from the 1930’s to the present day, many of which had been donated throughout the years by community members, and none had ever been exhibited before.

“This exhibit was a chance for us and the community to show them the love they deserve,” said Dr. Morales. But the goal was to go beyond merely displaying the hats, and bring them to life through multigenerational portrait photography, audio-visual experiences, and oral histories.

“...On Sunday you were able to be in control of how you wanted to look and how you wanted to present yourself to the world.”

Beverly Mills

“I remembered a journal from the [Civil War] period commenting on how Black women would wear grand turbans to church services,” March said, as she was conducting research for the exhibit. This inspired her to go beyond understanding church hats as individual items to explore "how Black women expressed their spirituality, freedom, and creativity through headwear more broadly across time,” she continued.

Early on in the exhibition, visitors learn about laws that banned enslaved Black women from styling or adorning their hair as white women were free to do. So-called “plain” hairstyles, or handkerchiefs called tignons were permitted, however, leading some Black women to push legal boundaries by covering their hair in brightly colored or patterned cloth.

A group of three hats against a black background. The hats are in pink, peach floral, and a light brown shiny fabric. The tan hat with the wide bring is on an elevated form to provide visual distinction.

photo by: Constance Mensch

Three church hats from SSAAM’s collection, dating from the 1930s to the 1990s.

View of a Kyra March exhibit curator with a showstopper black hat and a red dress standing behind an alter podium with two other individuals sitting behind her.

photo by: Tokz Gabriel Jr.

Guest curator Kyra March, PhD student at Rutgers University, speaks at the exhibit opening on September 20, 2024.

As tignons and turbans gave way to hats, a variety of styles, materials, colors, and trends came and went, often becoming family heirlooms. Whether handmade or store-bought, for some, adding a hat to their Sunday best was more than a fashion choice but a celebration of creativity, culture, or resistance to norms around race, class, and gender.

“Many people believe the tradition is dying, which I hope this exhibit remedies,” March said, “Whether it is wearing a white lace doily and gloves on communion Sunday, wearing choir robes, pins, fascinators, etc. each tradition has a history and each person participates or pushes back against that tradition for specific reasons that vary from person to person.”

A view of one of the exhibition labels for an exhibit on hats in the Black Church. In this image is a photograph of a woman in black wearing a showstopper hat along with some other text panels.

photo by: Tokz Gabriel Jr.

Portraits and church hats on display inside Mt. Zion AME Church.

Housed in the restored historic Mt. Zion AME Church, built in 1899, SSAAM received a Preserving Black Churches program grant in 2024 from the African American Cultural Heritage Action Fund at the National Trust for Historic Preservation. Funding will support ongoing public programming centered on education, faith, culture, and activism.

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Morgan Forde is the senior manager for editorial and content at the National Trust for Historic Preservation’s African American Cultural Heritage Action Fund. In her free time, she is earning a PhD in urban history and Black studies at Harvard University.

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